How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney, a seminal 1972 Marxist analysis arguing that European exploitation through slavery and colonialism deliberately caused Africa's underdevelopment, extracting its wealth while hindering its progress, a direct link Rodney calls "development of Europe at the expense of Africa's underdevelopment". Rodney's work details how this imperial extraction created structural dependency, making Africa a raw material supplier and hindering its political and economic growth, a critique still relevant today